Analysis of The Johnstown Flood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analysis of The Johnstown Flood - Essay Example McCullough focuses on various characters including the white-collar populace, the wealthy Pittsburgh steel barons, reporters, railway operators and rescuers, who jammed the scene after the disaster. The whole narration of the disaster resulted in the development of the story of post-flood mania, which was spectacular as the flood itself. Therefore, analyzing the book of McCullough, â€Å"The Johnstown Flood†, brings the novice reader to an overwhelming position, though the disaster story needs matching to the history of America. In about 60 pages, McCullough exposes the pre-flood, which leads to massive disaster. That was just before the narration reaches the night before the flood. A critical analysis of the book brings the idea that McCullough incorporates different characters and scenes from the Johnstown people to those of the railway and the building of the dam. Consequently, it led to the founding of hunting club and the south fork fishing. There is mingling of many them es of the late 19th century into the whole story with the full blare of them leading to disaster. The abandoning of the canal project and selling of the dam by Pennsylvania State resulted in the fact that professionals did not inspect them. That was due to the changing from the canals to the railroads. McCullough noted that some signs of trouble began when there was a division between the manufacturing employees and the Gilded Age millionaires. In fact, many in Johnstown feared the annual spring flood. However, the reader will be astonished to find that the dam broke in 1862 due to the fact there was mismanagement and neglect. The concrete narrative of the flood and the immediate consequences covers the majority of McCullough’s book. He epitomizes the event-based point of view. Chronologically, events are perfectly flowing, through the examination of several accounts happens at once, probably due to the amount of information. This also involves the commentaries and the post-s torm interviews. Furthermore, McCullough employs revisiting the most significant and detailed stories. Therefore, â€Å"The Johnstown Flood† book has a wealth of context and analysis, which indeed makes it an outstanding disaster book. McCullough's book highlights numerous events of the floods. A critical analysis of the book shows that McCullough places the whole event in a detailing and perspective situation; he describes how the water took its journey to Johnstown. He even tells of the speed and the height at varying times, even describing the Black Death Mist before it1. McCullough describes another highlight involving the swift organization of the people of Johnstown immediately after the disaster. In the book, the people immediately organized for meetings, recovery, cleanups, and the election of leaders. This was after their realization that the arriving of help would not be that easy because of the washing of the railroads. The leadership skills were quite visible in t he people due to their lack of lawlessness, looting, and epidemics. Afterwards, help was in, including several reporters. This led to the cleanup becoming the issue at hand, especially with the Clara Barton’s Red Cross, which later gained legitimacy.

International Banking Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Banking Law - Essay Example [1] This essay shall look into the fictitious situation where an online company selling books is loaning a sum of money from a bank to expand and diversify their online operations. The essay attempts to advise the bank in dealing with the loan situation. The situation has therefore been viewed from the bank's perspective. The essay has been dealt with in two parts. Before any legal advice is given to Spring Bank regarding the type of loan and form of security, it is important to break down the situation. To do this a few concepts have to be cleared. Since giving an overdraft to Winter Ltd. is an option open to Spring Bank, one must consider what an overdraft is and when is an overdraft usually given by a bank. An overdraft is the amount of money that can be overdrawn from a current account, subject to a limit already agreed with the bank. There are certain facilities of an overdraft. With an overdraft, you pay money for the amount of money you use and only for the period you use. For example, an overdraft can be drawn to pay the supplier and within a week the money can be again deposited into the account, after the money comes from the buyers. Overdraft is thus an efficient form of borrowing, usually made to tide over short-term cash-flow fluctuations. Since interest is calculated daily on the fluctuating outstanding balance and is normally ch arged at the end of each month, there is flexibility. [2] [3] [4] However, in the case of Winter Ltd, the company is not looking for money to make some business payment, which cannot be accommodated from the available cash balance in their current account. It is looking for money for business diversification, which requires a permanent source of financing rather than short-term financing. So, Spring Bank should not agree to an overdraft facility but should give a term loan, as advised by their risk committee. Now, that it has been clearly established that Spring Bank will give Winter Ltd. a loan to diversify its business, one has to look at the loan options that the bank can offer the company. The advantages of giving a loan is that both the business and the bank will know the exact terms of repayment and the amount of interest to be paid and when. The Loan Options that the Bank will Consider Let's now consider the various loan options available to the bank. Banks are conservative lending bodies. A bank loan will be available usually against a security. This brings us to a broad categorisation of loans into 'secured' and 'unsecured.' A 'secured loan' is a promise to pay a debt, where the promise is 'secured' by granting the creditor an interest in specific property or collateral of the debtor. In the case where a debtor does not pay the loan in time, the creditor has the right to seize the property that has been kept as collateral, and recoup the loan. Though an 'unsecured loan' also promises to pay the debt, the promise does not include giving the creditor any interest in a particular property. In case of an unsecured loan the lender relies on the fact that the borrower is credit worthy and can be trusted. Particularly for small businesses (though it has not been specifically mentioned that Winter Ltd. is a small business, one can assume such as it is a company

New Team Leadership Essay Example for Free

New Team Leadership Essay SUMMARY: Our organization is adding a new department for the company’s strategic plan to enter a new market segment. As the manager for the new department for Team A, one must evaluate each team member to include myself. This evaluation should consist of any current situations that may arise, culture, and any urgent matters. To approach this in a sensible manner, one should use any principles or methodology along with any best practices or guidelines that can assist with coming to any decisions that may need to be made. Prior to arriving at any conclusions, meetings will need to take place with current management and the team to assess the plans put forth. These meetings with management should include a brainstorming session, while at the same time provide management the opportunity to critique and analyze any results, and therefore provide any valuable feedback that may come from these meetings. This will help to identify any strengths and weaknesses of the plans that are currently in the developing stage, thus allowing Team A to make the necessary changes to help ease the transitioning of the new department. In today’s world, teams are now becoming an intricate part of many organizations as they begin to shift toward team environments. As organizations shift towards team environments, it provide opportunities for multiple personality types to come together thus increasing the chance for success throughout the company. TEAM LEADERSHIP AND EVALUATIONS In order to develop a great team, the team must understand the company’s  goals and expectations of what management is requiring within the new department. As the leader of the team, one has to know what the team needs are and provide any tools necessary to accomplish those goals expected from us. As the manager of this new department, I will evaluate each member of the team, to include myself and try to properly define or identify the personality type of each individual. After providing the Jungian 16-Type Personality assessment to each team member, the result for one individual was the ENFP personality type and the results of the remaining 3 members that includes myself were ENTP personality type (University of Phoenix, 2014). PERSONALITY TYPES Team Member Jerry Villanueva – Jerry’s assessment score is ENFP. ENFP personality types identify individuals like Jerry as outgoing because he is people oriented. It also mentions he has a creative side and is a highly optimistic person. Another thing about an ENFP personality type is that these individuals are inspiring, expressive, social and values-oriented. They do not like to miss out on anything that is going on around them and like to experience social events (Personality Max, 2007 – 2014). Jerry can be beneficial in that his personality type provides energy to the team and is enthusiastic in this new endeavor presented to Team A. He can be an advocate through his support for the team while displaying his vision for the big picture. Jerry can be exciting for the team because he is a passionate individual and is energetic when around people (Personality Max, 2007 – 2014). Team Member Jason Sanford, Janette Salgado, and Eddie Trevizo – The remaining team members, Jason, Janette, and Eddie’s assessment score is ENTP. ENFP personality types identify individuals such as Jason, Janette, and me as innovative people who are looking for new ideas or a new way of doing things. Though we can be individualistic in pursuing our thoughts or actions, an ENTP personality type is also versatile in that one is able to do many different things or have many different uses and can embrace a variety of skills. ENTP is also entrepreneurial. In other words, one is willing to take the risk of accepting a new challenge such as becoming the manager of Team A. ENTP personality types like to be the originator through logic, curiosity, and like to invent as possibilities can seem endless in an endeavor such as this. The willingness to contribute is also a positive and  can be intellectual (Personality Max, 2007 – 2014). EVALUATING THE SITUATION Determining what is a true sense of urgency. Urgency does not necessarily mean that the new department is in crisis mode. Goals must still be met and as a manager one should take a look at the big picture to determine what needs are not being met. Do not change one’s expectations on what should get done. As a manager, one must look around to determine how to establish a sense of urgency as a positive way to re-enforce company culture through positive change. Team members should develop a vision and strategy, communicate the change, and empower the employees. Team A members need to consider how to approach employees without creating panic to take the new department into the new market segment so that it becomes successful while incorporating a new management style and new positive environmental, organizational, behavioral, and work culture. LEADERSHIP APPROACHES As a manager, one should adjust the management style to the current situation. One also must provide a vision, be trustworthy, and encourage team members and employees to receive positive reaction. The manager shall provide a proactive and powerful message to create motivation. Assure that the right tools are available for employee’s and provide the necessary training to stimulate achieve trustworthiness. Training should be provided to managers to develop understanding of how to better evaluate situations to become effective. Review the situation and involve everyone when wanting to lead across cultural barriers and become an effective leader. Leadership should follow the five dimensions which involve integrity, consistency, openness, competence, and loyalty (Coulter Robbins, 2012). PRINCIPLE TO APPLY Principles one would choose to apply from various theories such as leadership behaviors like the democratic style that involves employees in its decision making process while using feedback to coach employees. One would also incorporate the seven leadership traits which are: desire to lead, drive, honesty and integrity, intelligence, self-confidence, extraversion, and job knowledge. Combining the leadership traits and democratic style behavior can help to achieve the necessary results for the  launch of the new department (Coulter Robbins, 2012). CONCLUSION To conclude this memorandum, it is the desire of Team A to accept the challenge of incorporating different personalities and expertise to manage this new department. As manager, I accept full responsibility to ensure the success of this venture. Team A looks forward to creating a positive environment where visions, innovation, creativity, passionate, energetic, and enthusiastic individuals demonstrate and provide the drive to meet the company’s goals and expectations are met. Team A looks forward to a new and successful venture entering this new market segment and to a successful launch of the new department. References Coulter, M., Robbins, S. P. (2012). Management (11th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Personality Max. (2007 2014). Mypersonality.info. Retrieved from http://www.mypersonality.info/personality-types University of Phoenix. (2014). Self-assessment library 3.4. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, MGT521 website.

No Art Without Freedom Philosophy Essay

No Art Without Freedom Philosophy Essay In this essay great emphasis is put on the Albert Camus Quote, that without freedom, the existence of art is something that is not existence. In that perspective, the term freedom can be defined as the ability to have the will to make individual choices. These choices should be determined by individualism and not affected by any other out ward force. Art is considered to be more spiritual than it is physical science and therefore there is a need for the freedom of the spirit to express itself to the people. It is a mere fact that the more freedom is given to artists, the more they criticize the evils in the society thus creating a positive impact in the society. Artists feel like they are prisoners of their own conscience in the event that they are not given the freedom and the chance creates. Therefore this essay tries to cover the need for freedom in response to determinism, morality, Libertarianism and the free will in regard to the artists. Creation is more spiritual and inborn than practical. This mere fact can be emphasized on the fact that artists given the freedom and the free will to express there spiritual beings within themselves. The philosophical art has developed and practiced the term free will into many ways. This is because artist tends to think that when given the will to express themselves, they can come up with better ideologies than when they lack their freedom to express themselves. Without the free will to create, man may have no progress in life. Art is known as a field where man can communicate to themselves without the need to be verbal. Through art a lot of information can be transferred from one age group to the other. For example there ancient work of the earlier artist is still in place and today to be used to transfer information for research about the cultures and the social wellbeing of the ancient people (Honderich 122). Determinism on the other hand is the concept and ideology that any occurring event is bound by cause and effect. Artists believe that in order for them to come up with practice ideas, these ideas must be caused by something. That is what triggers them to come up with pieces and small ideas in there minds in which they amplify them to have a future work. There must be a causality which lies beyond the free will of their thoughts and the freedom to deliver their art into the society. Take for example an artist who is a singer by career. Before they come up with a new song there is something that triggers there thinking ability and often leads them to writing the song and then delivering it. This thing that causes them to come up with the song is what can be termed as the determinism (Salles 167). The same applies to when artist does something that is original in their own sense. They are forced to explore that vacuum in a deterministic manner towards an ultimate new outcome. This can be clearly demonstrated by a singer. When a singer has got some new life experiences, they are compelled to come up with new ideas and lines that enable them to come up with an ultimate new and original version of there song. This version is not compelled by their free will to make a choice to come up with the song but the causality will be the events that happened prior to the writing of the song. Therefore the beauty of any form of art can only be realized if there is freedom for the artists to have the free will to conduct there business and this will cause the to come up with magnificent ideologies (Sleinis 178). According to (Honderich 45), it is a common believe that free will of artist does not coexist where determinism exists. Many artists believe that where free will exists, there is a constraint for the determinism to occur. This argument can be supported by incompatibilists who believe that all the constrained of determinism including the free will exists. They believe that the determinism is hindered by physical constraints like the imprisonment of individuals. The threat of punishment also hinders the ability for the causality of events therefore denying the fact that there is the existence of causality and effect. This is because the arguments for free will have implications in all aspects of life like religion, ethics and science. For example in ethics, it is believed that the actions for individuals have implications which can be accounted for in case of a breach (Turiel 24). Libertarianism is the concept and the ideology that humans must be given the free will to express their ideas and actions. Researchers believe that liberalization is achieved through the large-scale power decentralization. When artists have been given the power to express themselves, it becomes easier for them to deliver their expressions to the public without any constraint. Philosophers believe that artists have got the right to live life and express their divine spiritual wellbeing without any physical constraints. When people have been enslaved, they are not productive as compared to the people who are not liberated (Salles 123). Liberation is important in all forms of the society and art is not left out. The lack of liberalization is a question that should be dealt with effectively to attain the freedom of expression. The free will of artists to come up with exciting commercials is also affected by their ability to express themselves and the ability to generate new ideas which are unique and do not resemble others. The liberation and the free will to act have caused a lot of questions as the philosophers support the free will to the artists. Like when the musicians have been prohibited to talk about some issues, they never interest the public because they display the same ideas that they have been expressing even in the past. This brings the spirit of boredom to the listeners therefore causing exhaustion of their work and ideas. Morality is the term used to define the norms and the behavior of individuals in the society. Morals are the accepted norms within a society. In art there are norms that should be used. When the artists follow these norms they become obedient to the society and can cause long term changes. There are distinctive codes of conduct that defines how an artist should behave in the business environment. These codes are known ethical rules that define ability for one to perform in their specific duties. They should be respected by any artist In conclusion, art is known to be more spiritual and this fights the common view that morality that it is a practice field. Many people in the world of art today advocate for the policies whereby they would be free in order for them to deliver effectively. The success of many artists is based on the decisions that are made by the respective governments in the making of their code of ethics. This brings the question that is morality a good measure in art and should it be applied in the art? The answer is definite; every aspect of humanity needs some morals in order for the people to prosper without clashing with the public. Philosophical aspects of morality defines that morals should be used where there is freedom of expression and this will in the long run bring the essence of free will to all the people involved in art. The truth about determinism is also evident in the world of art. The cause and effect of the soft determinism can be evidenced by how the artists become affected in their lives and end up coming with new ideologies and work which is beneficial to them.

Carl Friedrich Gauss Essay -- essays research papers fc

Carl Friedrich Gauss Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777-1855). The German scientist and mathematician Gauss is frequently he was called the founder of modern mathematics. His work is astronomy and physics is nearly as significant as that in mathematics. Gauss was born on April 30, 1777 in Brunswick (now it is Western Germany). Many biographists think that he got his good health from his father. Gauss said about himself that, he could count before he can talk. When Gauss was 7 years old he went to school. In the third grade students came when they were 10-15 years old, so teacher should work with students of different ages. Because of it he gave to half of students long problems to count, so he in that time could teach other half. One day he gave half of students, Gauss was in this half, to add all natural numbers from 1 to 100. 10 year old Gauss put his paper with answer on the teacher's desk first and he was the only who has got the right answer. From that day Gauss was popular in the whole school. On October 15, 1795, Gauss was admitted to Georgia Augusta as "matheseos cult."; that is to say, as a mathematics student. But it is often pointed out that at first Gauss was undecided whether he should become a mathematician or a philologist. The reason for this indecision was probably that humanists at that time had a better economic future than scientists. Gauss first became completely certain of his choice of studies when he discovered the construction of the regular 17-sided polygon with ruler and compass; that is to say, after his first year at the university. There are several reasons to support the assertion that Gauss hesitated in his choice of a career. But his matriculation as a student of mathematics does not point toward philology, and probably Gauss had already made his decision when he arrived at Gottingen. He wrote in 1808 that it was noteworthy how number theory arouses a special passion among everyone who has seriously studied it at some time, and, as we have seen, he had found new results in this and other areas of mathematics while he was still at Collegium Carolinum. Gauss made great discoveries in many fields of math. He gave the... ...ics, astronomy, geodesy, and physics. He must have been as strong as a bear in order not to have broken under such a burden. He distrusted all doctors and did not pay much attention to Olbers' warnings. During the winters of 1852 and 1853 the symptoms are thought to have become more serious, and in January of 1854 Gauss underwent a careful examination by his colleague Wilhelm Baum, professor of surgery. The last days were difficult, but between heart attacks Gauss read a great deal, half lying in an easy chair. Sartorius visited him the middle of January and observed that his clear blue eyes had not lost their gleam. The end came about a month later. In the morning of February 23, 1855 Gauss died peacefully in his sleep. He was seventy-seven years old. BIBLIOGRAPHY Gindikin, S.G., Stories about physicists and mathematicians, Russia, Moscow, "Nauka", 1982 (in Russian). Hall, T., Carl Friedrich Gauss, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970. Muir, Jane, Of Men and Numbers: The Story of Great Mathematicians. Dodd, Mead, and Co, New York, 1961.

Detroit Riots :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many civil disorders have erupted across the United States. Racial tensions were at a highpoint in the 1960’s with riots and looting throughout the major cities in the United States. This was not such a problem in the rural areas but the urban areas had serious racial problems between black and white people. Throughout the 1960’s blacks and whites clearly demonstrated that they had many problems living segregated in the urban areas. It was a civil explosion that you can clearly see from the Detroit riots in 1967. Detroit experienced the worst civil disorder of any American city in the 20th century. Prior to July 23, 1967 Detroit had managed to avoid riots that had erupted in other major cities such as Harlem, Cleveland, Chicago, and Los Angeles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Day 1   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At 3:45 a.m. on Sunday July 23, 1967 twelve officers did a routine raid in a Blind Pig on 12th street. There were 82 people arrested. As the last squad car was loading with prisoners, a crowd of about 200 people gathered. They made threats towards the police and incited the crowd that had gathered. The squad car began to leave and the crowd began to throw bottles and rocks, which shattered the back window of the squad car. This started off the worst riot of the 20th century.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Shortly after 5 a.m. stores were being broken into, rocks and bricks were smashing through windows. By 11 a.m. a crowd of about a thousand people were surrounding a smaller crowd of about a hundred or so people that were swarming the streets taunting the police and firemen. After that the looting began to take off in different spots all over the entire city.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Day 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the second day of rioting the Mayor issued a curfew. All people had to be off the streets between 9 p.m. and 5:30 a.m. and no alcoholic beverages were to be sold or possessed which was not followed the rioters. At 12:25 the first death was reported. A 45 year-old white male life was claimed when he was shot by a white store owner who claimed the man was looting his store. This was only the beginning for the many more fatalities that continued throughout the riots.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The burning and looting continued throughout the night. An entire block was reported on fire in the area of Dexter and Davison. This was just one of the some 1,680 fires that would be set during the riots and looting.

Brain death determination

Brain Death Determination When the brain has a lack of oxygen, even for a few minutes, it could lead to loss of brain functions such as a gradual loss level of consciousness or a complete loss of consciousness causing the person to slip into a coma. In the most profound cases, irreversible brain damage and death occurs. Oxygen deficiency can by caused by many things, such as; a brain injury, fall from height, traffic accidents, heart failure, stroke or some neurological disease. That may cause irreversible loss of the brain cells performance.The medical term for insufficient oxygenation to the brain is referral Anglia. Historically, before recent technology the scientists defined death only when the heartbeat and breathing stopped. Afterward, the idea of brain death was announced in 1959 by French neurologists' Moldable and Gluon. They determined this state as â€Å"beyond coma† (D*mice et al. , 2004). Then after around ten years, within the medical community the development o f many types of equipment became available which aided in increasing the longevity of individuals with serious injuries to the brain.Some examples of these devices are ventilators to maintain respiration and heart monitors. These innovations in medicine made the concept of brain death clearer by closely showing the relationship between the respirations or heartbeat and brain. These innovations in the medical field guided the Harvard Medical School Committee to clarify that idea in 1968 (Sass, 2014). After that, it was medically defined as permanent loss of all brain functions, including cerebrum and brain stem due to total death of brain neurons that is caused by decrease of blood flow and oxygenation into the brain (ibid).This essay will discuss the main brain regions that have immediate cause of brain death and their functions, including the required tests of these regions, both clinical and confirmatory, for instance, the Electroencephalogram. The brain carries two major parts, c erebrum and brain stem. When they have any cause of damaged that might be a final result in brain death. Each one has primary roles in a person's life, because they are responsible for the main operations in human survival, especially the regulation of cardiac and respiratory functions.The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and divided into two hemispheres (Fall & Bergman, 1998). There are main functions for he brain cerebrum without them no human can live. It is important to be concerned with functional specialization of different regions of the cerebrum to guide the treatment of the physician and assists them in making the right diagnosis. The cerebrum has a large primary sensory area, which is responsible for general sensation, for example, smell, vision, and hearing.The motor area is responsible for controlling the skeletal muscles, and the association area of the cortex has operations similar to the sensory areas but more complicated such as behavior, communication and i ntellect (ibid). Secondly, the brain stem is located in the posterior division of the brain and connected to the spinal cord. Beside that it includes three significant parts; medulla obbligato, pens and mandarin. Each one controls principal performance and it is the pathway of sending and receiving sensory information signals from the body to the brain.It has other important functions that have a major affect on a person such as regulation of the respiratory system, consciousness, alertness and awareness (Kiering & Barr, 2009). In general, both cerebrum and brain stem damage may end a arson's life because they contain all the regulation centers for all of the most critical functions that are needed to sustain life. There are many criteria to diagnose brain death. Each country has their organization, but there are general rules and guidelines in determining brain death for patients worldwide.There are important tools to consider when deciding whether the patient is dead or not, befor e the process of diagnosis of death by the criteria. The first tool is a person who is approaching the protocol of brain death qualified? For example, an ICC physician, an anesthesiologist, an internist, a neurosurgeon or a neuron physician are allowed and qualified to perform the tests because they have studied and trained to diagnose brain death, but a dermatologist or an ophthalmologist they have not done training on that.Although, they need to know the state of the patient and must be in a coma with ventilator support and the cause of their comatose condition must be rolled out, for instance, Head trauma, Cardiovascular hemorrhage, cerebral Anglia or primary brain tumor. Next, the cause of brain damage must be clarified six hours before tarring brain functions evaluation. Finally, the patient should not be hypothermia and body temperature has to be above 34 C or 32 C in some countries protocol and the person should not be under sedatives, muscle relaxant, anticonvulsant†¦ E tc Drugs for at least the previous five days. When these tools completed correctly the physician can start the diagnosis in following exam steps. The first clinical examination is to confirm that the patient is in a coma and to make sure a patient is not having any seizure activity in the brain. Furthermore, the physician needs to test he absence of motor response by painful stimulation for both hands and feet. It is required to do these evaluation exams on the standard method before starting the brain stem reflexes test because each exam depends on the previous one to give correct final result.Once the physician has done from the previous evaluation he will start the brain stem reflexes tests, which called the first clinical examination. These are five different exams and begin with papillary response. The light stimulation to test the pupil response by bright beam of light on both eyes, for example, a pen alights. Also, corneal reflex is involuntary blinking and has to be tested v ia a wisp of cotton wool to touch the cornea. Thirdly, cool-cephalic reflex it does perform by moving the head to a different direction and monitor the retina changes during the head movements.Fourthly, vestibule-ocular reflex this another test to activated eye movements by injecting both ears about 50 ml of ice-cold water or saline for adult, but children, less than 20 ml may be used. After all, upper and lower airways stimulation is produce either gagging or coughing. Furthermore, this exam's purpose or provoke the pharynx and trachea. For instance, using catheter leads down to reach into the pharynx and the trachea (Saudi center of organ transplantation, 2009). Accordingly, all those brain stem tests should result an absent responses to declare brain stem death.After finalization of the first examination, it's recommended to not start the second clinical test before 6 hours from the time of first exam end for an adult and after 12 hours for children (above 1 year),24 hours for in fants (above 60 days-I year) and 48 hours for neonate (7 days-60 days). Therefore to have enough mime to perform the confirmatory tests, such as Electroencephalogram (EGG) which is a machine that has 21 electrodes connected to the skull to cover all the brain regions and measures the electrical activity of the brain (ibid).In fact, the EGG and other confirmatory tests are optional in some countries but it is often helpful for the physician to prove that the brain is permanently damaged by having more than one test that confirms his diagnosis and prognosis. The next clinical exam is apneas; it is done to indicate the failure of involuntary respiration. This exam has a specific rotator to perform it, such as an increase the inspired fraction of oxygen without changing the ventilation rate, disconnect the patient from the ventilator for 10 minutes and supply a continuous flow of humidified air.These procedures are done to detect if there is any attempt for the patient to breathe (ibid) . Another test that is sensitive in analyzing the circulation in the brain is transitional Doppler (ETC) this examination detects the velocity of the blood that's circulating in the blood vessels supplying oxygen-rich blood to the brain. It uses ultrasonic waves that are focused onto a beam that is directed at different depths and angles by an experienced operator. The technologist uses sites on the skull where the bone is relatively thin and relatively close to the major vessels whose blood flow velocities are critical.One major vessel that supplies the brain is the Middle Cerebral Artery (MAC). When the blood flow circulation is compromised to the extent that survivability is not possible the ETC shows reverberating waveforms as the blood ceases to flow in it's normal direction and instead is ineffectually regurgitating back and forth without flow in espouse to the heart contraction. Later there are systolic spikes that indicate some increased pressure in the vessel with heart con traction but without effective flowing of blood through the vessel.The last signal that is compatible with brain death is a loss of signal entirely indicating no activity in the vessel and no recordable blood flow in the critical vessels of the brain. In conclusion, the concept of brain death has developed with period of the medical field improvements. The absence of a rich uninterrupted supply of oxygen is imperative to supply the brain and maintain unconsciousness and provide for the populations of neurons to continue to function properly.Trauma, disorders and diseases which impair circulation in the cerebral cortex and brain stem bring about a cascading assortment of symptoms that if not reversed results in death. The protocols and guidelines for brain death determination have been established for the safety of the patient to distinguish between patients who have suffered a life-threatening insult, but who may recover and those unfortunate individuals in whom there is no hope for recovery.